Jun Sik Yoon, Han Ah Lee, Hwi Young Kim, Dong Hyun Sinn, Dong Ho Lee, Suk Kyun Hong, Ju-Yeon Cho, Jonggi Choi, Young Chang, Hyun-Joo Kong, Eunyang Kim, Young-Joo Won, Jeong-Hoon Lee
J Liver Cancer. 2021;21(1):58-68. Published online March 31, 2021
Background/Aim s: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Korea. This study evaluated the characteristics of Korean patients newly diagnosed with HCC in 2015.
Methods Data from the Korean Primary Liver Cancer Registry (KPLCR), a representative sample of patients newly diagnosed with HCC in Korea, were analyzed. A total of 1,558 patients with HCC registered in the KPLCR in 2015 were investigated.
Results The median age was 61.0 years (interquartile range, 54.0-70.0 years), and men accounted for 79.7% of the subjects. Hepatitis B virus infection was the most common underlying liver disease (58.1%). According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system, stage 0, A, B, C, and D HCCs accounted for 14.2%, 31.5%, 7.6%, 39.0%, and 7.8% of patients, respectively. Transarterial therapy (32.1%) was the most commonly performed initial treatment, followed by surgical resection (23.2%), best supportive care (20.2%), and local ablation therapy (10.7%). Overall, 34.5% of patients were treated in accordance with the BCLC guidelines: 59.2% in stage 0/A, 48.4% in stage B, 18.1% in stage C, and 71.6% in stage D. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year OS rates were 67.1%, 50.9%, and 27.0%, respectively.
Conclusions In 2015, approximately 45% of Korean HCC cases were diagnosed at a very early or early stage, and 35% of patients underwent potentially curative initial treatment. BCLC guidance was followed in 34.5% of patients; in patients with stage B or C disease, there was relatively low adherence.
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The advent of oral antiviral agents has revolutionized hepatitis B treatment. It has led to
decreased incidence and mortality related to hepatocellular carcinoma. However, although
nucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) are fast and potent in inhibiting hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase
and reverse transcriptase activity, complete cure of the virus is not possible. The complete
eradication of HBV requires the covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA) to be eliminated.
Novel gene editing methods, such as zing finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector
nucleases, and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/
Cas9) system, designed to target specific DNA sequences has great potential for therapeutic
application. Among these, the CRISPR/Cas9 system may be the most feasible approach to
eradicate HBV cccDNA. Further studies are needed to develop a more efficient and safer
method of delivery using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to achieve complete cure of chronic
hepatitis B.